Difference between revisions of "Structure-based mutation analysis Gaucher Disease"
(→Minimise) |
(→Mutations) |
||
Line 307: | Line 307: | ||
=== Mutations === |
=== Mutations === |
||
+ | <br style="clear:both;"> |
||
− | Mutation 1 |
||
+ | <figtable id="mutation_gromacs"> |
||
− | |||
+ | {| style="border-collapse: separate; border-style: solid; border-spacing: 0; border-width: 1px 0 1px 0" align="left" width="1200px" |
||
− | |||
+ | |- |
||
− | Energy Average Err.Est. RMSD Tot-Drift |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | |
||
− | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | WT |
||
− | Bond 1624.88 820 5492.83 -5022.62 (kJ/mol) |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | H60R |
||
− | Angle 4289.66 76 402.822 -411.894 (kJ/mol) |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | V172I |
||
− | Potential -45289.6 2900 16896.6 -18817.6 (kJ/mol) |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | E111K |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | L197P |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | W209R |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | L470P |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | W312C |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | A384D |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | D443N |
||
+ | | style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" | R44S |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | Average Energy Bond || 1699.12 || 1624.88 || 1581.54 || 1973.46 || 1470.86 || 1598.3 || 1694.03 || 1579.31 || 1451.23 || 1621.83 || 1685.66 |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | Difference Energy Bond || 0 || -74.24 || -117.58 || 274.34 || -228.26 || -100.82 || -5.09 || -119.81 || -247.89 || -77.29 || -13.46 |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | Average Energy Angle || 4375.68 || 4289.66 || 4371.18 || 4382.41 || 4381.32 || 4387.08 || 4425.35 || 4361.97 || 4361.9 || 4367.22 || 4368.95 |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | Difference Energy Angle || 0 || -86.02 || -4.5 || 6.73 || 5.64 || 11.4 || 49.67 || -13.71 || -13.78 || -8.46 || -6.73 |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | Average Energy Potential || -44445.9 || -45289.6 || -45025.6 || -43553.6 || -45475.1 || -45265.6 || -44266.1 || -45024.9 || -45805.7 || -44803.9 || -43924.1 |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | Difference Energy Potential || 0 || -843.7 || -579.7 || 892.3 || -1029.2 || -819.7 || 179.8 || -579 || -1359.8 || -358 || 521.8 |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |} |
||
+ | <br style="clear:both;"> |
||
+ | <caption> The average bond, angle and potential energy of the mutations and the wildtype, and the corresponding differences. </caption> |
||
+ | </figtable> |
||
+ | <br style="clear:both;"> |
||
== References == |
== References == |
Revision as of 20:52, 25 June 2012
The aim of this task was to carry out a thorough analysis of ten mutations and to classify them as disease-causing and non-disease causing. Technical details are reported in our protocol.
Contents
Cystral structure
<figtable id="tab:mutations">
PDB | Res [Å] | R value | Coverage | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|
2nt0 | 1.80 | 0.18 | 96% (40-536) | 4.5 |
3gxi | 1.84 | 0.19 | 96% (40-536) | 5.5 |
2v3f | 1.95 | 0.15 | 96% (40-536) | 6.5 |
2v3d | 1.96 | 0.16 | 96% (40-536) | 6.5 |
1ogs | 2.00 | 0.18 | 96% (40-536) | 4.6 |
The 5 crystral structures of glycosylceramidase with the highest resolution. The physiological lysosomal pH value is 4.5. 2nt0 was selected for the analysis. </figtable>
Mutations
<figtable id="tab:mutations">
Nr | Pos P04062 |
Pos 2nt0_A |
From | To | Disease causing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 99 | 60 | H | R | No |
2 | 211 | 172 | V | I | No |
3 | 150 | 111 | E | K | Yes |
4 | 236 | 197 | L | P | Yes |
5 | 248 | 209 | W | R | Yes |
6 | 509 | 470 | L | P | No |
7 | 351 | 312 | W | C | Yes |
8 | 423 | 384 | A | D | Yes |
9 | 482 | 443 | D | N | No |
10 | 83 | 44 | R | S | No |
Mutations used for the structure-based mutation analysis. </figtable>
<figure id="fig:mutations">
</figure>
SCWRL
We employed SCWRL <ref name="scwrl">Qiang Wang, Adrian A. Canutescu, and Roland L. Dunbrack, Jr.(2008). SCWRL and MolIDE: Computer programs for side-chain conformation prediction and homology modeling. Nat Protoc.</ref> for substituting the wildtype residues listed in <xr id="tab:mutations"/> by the corresponding mutatant residues which are chosen from a rotamer library. <xr id="fig:scwrl"/> denotes the results.
<figure id="fig:scwrl">
Rotamers of SNPs from <xr id="tab:mutations"/>. Blue: wildtype; Red: rotamer SCWRL; In brackets: energy(mutant)-energy(wildtype). </figure>
None of rotamers chosen by SCWRL clashed with another side-chain or the backbone. The only mutation which led to a structural change was L470P. Here, the insertion of proline interrupted the beta-sheet. The hydrogen bonding network changed in case of mutation number 1, 5, 7, and 8 (cf. <xr id="tab:scwrl"/>). W209R introduces a hydrophilic arginine which forms a hydrogen bond to T180. Although not predicted by SCWRL, the arginine might impact the protein structure. W312C is located next to the active site (cf. <xr id="fig:mutations"/>) and there exists a hydrogen bond to E340. Substitution the hydrophobic tryptohphane by a hydrophlic cysteine in the vicinity of the active site might account for the disease-causing effect of this mutation.
As expected, all mutations increased the energy of the model (cf. the energy difference in brackets in <xr id="fig:scwrl"/>). The energy increased most in case of L470P due to the break of the beta-sheet. A384D and W209R also made the model less stable which is caused by substituting an unpolar residue by a charged residue. All four mutations which increased the model energy most are disease-causing.
<figtable id="tab:scwrl">
Nr | Mutation | Wildtype | Mutatant | Clashes | Structural change | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H-bonds | Hydrophobicity | H-bonds | Hydrophobicity | ||||
1 | H60R | T471 | Hydrophilic | G62 | Hydrophilic | No | No |
2 | V172I | Hydrophobic | Hydrophobic | No | No | ||
3 | E111K | Hydrophilic | Hydrophilic | No | No | ||
4 | L197P | Hydrophobic | Hydrophobic | No | No | ||
5 | W209R | Hydrophobic | T180 | Hydrophilic | No | No | |
6 | L470P | T482 | Hydrophobic | T482 | Hydrophobic | No | Yes |
7 | W312C | E340, C342, P316 | Hydrophobic | E340, C342 | Hydrophilic | No | No |
8 | A384D | Hydrophobic | V404 | Hydrophilic | No | No | |
9 | D443N | Hydrophilic | Hydrophilic | No | No | ||
10 | R44S | S13, Y487 | Hydrophilic | S13, Y487 | Hydrophilic | No | No |
Structure-based analysis of SNPs from <xr id="tab:mutations"/>. H-bonds: residues involved in forming hydrogen bonds (cut-off: 3.2 Å). </figtable>
We further noticed that SCRWL changed the backbone at some positions which led to different secondary structure assignments (<xr id="fig:scwrl_ss"/>). The positions at which the deviations could be observed were independent from the mutated sites.
<figure id="fig:scwrl_ss">
</figure>
FoldX
FoldX <ref>Schymkowitz J., Borg J., Stricher F., Nys R., Rousseau F., Serrano L. (2005) The FoldX web server: an online force field. Nucleic Acids Research.</ref> is a force field for assessing the impact of point mutations. We called FoldX to determine the optimal side-chain conformation of the mutated site and compared the energy of the mutant model with the wildtype model in order to assess the severity of each mutation.
<xr id="fig:foldx"/> depict the side-chain conformation predicted by FoldX in comparison to SCWRL and the wildtype. The predictions of FoldX and SCWRL differed in four cases. In case of H60R, the side-chain orientation of arginine predicted by FoldX forms two instead one hydrogen bonds to T741 and might therefore impact the protein structure more than the orientation of SCRWL. In case of A384D, the romater of FoldX might be more stable than the one of SCWRL since it has a higher distance to the surrounding residues. In case of D443N we prefer the prediction of SCWRL which is closer to the wildtype configuration. For the same reason we prefer the prediction of FoldX in case of R442. For the subsequent GROMACS analysis, we hence chose the FoldX model in case of mutation number 8 and 10 and the SCWRL models for all all other mutations.
<figure id="fig:foldx">
Rotamers of SNPs from <xr id="tab:mutations"/>. Blue: wildtype; Red: rotamer SCWRL; Orange: rotamer FoldX; In brackets: energy(mutant)-energy(wildtype). </figure>
A comprehensive list of the differences between the mutant and the wildtype models can be found here. The total energy increased in case of mutation number 4-8, and 10. Just as in case of SCWRL (cf. <xr id="fig:scwrl"/>), L470P, A384D, and W209R increased the energy of the model most which suggests that these mutations are disease-causing. The fact that some mutations even increase the stability of the model indicates a mild effect on the protein function.
MINIMISE
MINIMISE is a program that applies the CHARMM22 force-field and a rotamer library for minimizing the energy of models. We employed five iterations MINIMISE to refine the models generated by SCWRL and FoldX and compared the energy of the most stable mutant model to the most stable wildtype model in order to assess the effect of each point mutation.
SCWRL models
The energy of all SCWRL models could be reduced up to the second iteration and than gradually increased again. We therefore considered the models after two iterations MINIMISE as the most reliable ones which were used to assess the impact of the mutations on the phenotype. For this, we compared the MINIMISE energy of the mutant model to energy of the wildtype model (cf. the values in brackets in <xr id="fig:minimise_scwrl_e"/>). As already observed when employing SCWRL (cf. <xr id="fig:foldx"/>) and FoldX (cf. <xr id="fig:foldx"/>), L470P, D443N, and W209R significantly increase the the energy of the model. However, H60R and D443N now also lead to unstable models which would suggest a effect on the phenotype.
<figure id="fig:minimise_scwrl_e">
Energy of the SCWRL mutant models compared to the SCWRL wildtype models over five iterations MINIMISE. In brackets: energy(mutant 2nd iteration)-energy(wildtype 2nd iteration). </figure>
<xr id="fig:minimise_scwrl_m"/> show to which extent the MINIMISE optimization alters the side-chain conformations of the mutated residue compared to the wildtype residue. Altogether, the side-chain orientation of the mutated residues is changed only slightly and less than the side-chain of the wildtype model. Note that not only the side-chain of the mutated residue changes but also the side-chains of neighbouring residues.
<figure id="fig:minimise_scwrl_m">
Side-chain conformation of the SCWRL mutant models compared to the SCWRL wildtype models over five iterations MINIMISE. In brackets: energy(mutant 2nd iteration)-energy(wildtype 2nd iteration). </figure>
FoldX models
<figure id="fig:minimise_foldx_e">
Energy of the FoldX mutant models compared to the FoldX wildtype models over five iterations MINIMISE. In brackets: energy(mutant 2nd iteration)-energy(wildtype 2nd iteration). </figure>
<figure id="fig:minimise_foldx_m">
Side-chain conformation of the SCWRL mutant models compared to the FoldX wildtype models over five iterations MINIMISE. In brackets: energy(mutant 1nd iteration)-energy(wildtype 1nd iteration) </figure>
Gromacs
Runtime analysis
To show the relationship between nsteps and runtime of 'mdrun', different nstep were chosen from 50 to 5000. Three different energy functions were selected:
- AMBER03 protein, nucleic AMBER94
- CHARMM27 all-atom force field (with CMAP)
- OPLS-AA/L all-atom force field
<figtable id="runtime_table">
Forcefield | nstep=50 | nstep=100 | nstep=200 | nstep=300 | nstep=400 | nstep=500 | nstep=1000 | nstep=2000 | nstep=5000 |
AMBER03 (360 steps to reach the minimum) |
7.446 | 13.987 | 27.186 | 40.664 | 48.479 | 48.481 | 48.475 | 48.694 | 48.743 |
CHARMM27 (348 steps to reach the minimum) |
7.292 | 13.785 | 26.843 | 39.990 | 46.322 | 46.158 | 46.121 | 45.345 | 46.013 |
OPLS-AA/L (1177 steps to reach the minimum) |
6.063 | 11.513 | 22.378 | 32.959 | 43.790 | 54.252 | 107.718 | 126.707 | 126.734 |
Runtime of minimization with Gromacs for different nsteps by using AMBER03, CHARMM27 and OPLS-AA/L forcefield. Only the 'real time' returned from linux 'time' command is shown here. The unit of time is second.
</figtable>
<xr id="runtime_table"/> presented the running time of Gromacs minimization for different setting of nsteps by using different forcefield. Nsteps told the program the maximum number of steps to minimize during the simulation. The computation time went higher when the Nsteps was higher. The table showed also the the steps the program needed to reach the minimum. By using AMBER03 and CHARMM27, only 360 and 348 steps were needed. By using OPLS-AA/L, it was 1177 steps, therefore it ran slower than the other two.
<figure id="fig:runtim">
</figure>
In <xr id="fig:runtim"/> we showed the runtime plot for different setting of nsteps(from 50 to 5000). By using the OPLS-AA/L force field, the program needed 1177 steps to reach the minimum. From nsteps=50 to nsteps=1177, the runtime increased lineraly because it would run exactly nsteps time. After nsteps=1177, since the minimum has reached, the program would always stopped at 1177 steps no matter what the setting of nsteps was, therefore the running time stayed in the same.
Mutations
<figtable id="mutation_gromacs">
WT | H60R | V172I | E111K | L197P | W209R | L470P | W312C | A384D | D443N | R44S | |
Average Energy Bond | 1699.12 | 1624.88 | 1581.54 | 1973.46 | 1470.86 | 1598.3 | 1694.03 | 1579.31 | 1451.23 | 1621.83 | 1685.66 |
Difference Energy Bond | 0 | -74.24 | -117.58 | 274.34 | -228.26 | -100.82 | -5.09 | -119.81 | -247.89 | -77.29 | -13.46 |
Average Energy Angle | 4375.68 | 4289.66 | 4371.18 | 4382.41 | 4381.32 | 4387.08 | 4425.35 | 4361.97 | 4361.9 | 4367.22 | 4368.95 |
Difference Energy Angle | 0 | -86.02 | -4.5 | 6.73 | 5.64 | 11.4 | 49.67 | -13.71 | -13.78 | -8.46 | -6.73 |
Average Energy Potential | -44445.9 | -45289.6 | -45025.6 | -43553.6 | -45475.1 | -45265.6 | -44266.1 | -45024.9 | -45805.7 | -44803.9 | -43924.1 |
Difference Energy Potential | 0 | -843.7 | -579.7 | 892.3 | -1029.2 | -819.7 | 179.8 | -579 | -1359.8 | -358 | 521.8 |
The average bond, angle and potential energy of the mutations and the wildtype, and the corresponding differences.
</figtable>
References
<references/>