Task alignments 2012

Most prediction methods are based on comparisons to related proteins. Therefore, the search for related sequences and the alignment to other proteins is a prerequisite for most of the analyses in this practical. Hence we will investigate the recall and alignment quality of different alignment methods.

Theoretical background talks

The introductory talks should given an overview of

• pairwise alignments and high-throuput profile searches (e.g. Fasta, Blast, PSI-Blast, HHsearch)
• multiple alignments (e.g. ClustalW, Probcons, Mafft, Muscle, T-Coffee, Cobalt) and MSA editors (e.g. Jalview)

with special attention to advantages and limitations of theses methods.

Sequence searches

Subsequently, for every native protein sequence for every disease the students shall employ different tools for database searching and multiple sequence alignment in the "big80" database. The methods to employ (minimally) are:

• Searches of the non-redundant sequence database big_80 (to be found in /mnt/project/pracstrucfunc12/data/big/):
  • Blast
  • PSI-Blast using standard parameters with all combinations of
    • 2 iterations
    • 10 iterations
    • default E-value cutoff (0.002)
    • E-value cutoff 10E-10
  • HHblits (HHsearch) using standard parameters, since there is no big_80 for HHblits, search against Uniprot

Note:

• Check the outcome of your simple blast search. If there are many significant hits, increase the number of reported hits (-v, -b or max_target_seqs depending on blast version and output format) until no more relevant hits are found. Use that parameter also for the PSI-Blast searches and use a similar setting for HHblits / HHsearch. (Think about why we ask you to do this.)
• Mentioning HHsearch here seems to be confusing. Sorry! Do a HHblits search. You can use HHsearch to solve the pdb structures problem mentioned below.

CAVE: If your data set gets large, the PSI-Blast searches will take a while.

For evaluating the differences of the search methods:

• compare the result lists (e.g. how much overlap, distribution of %identity and E-values)
• validate the result lists -- e.g.
  • using COPS (/mnt/project/pracstrucfunc12/data/COPS/) to check whether found pdb entries fall into the same fold class
  • using GO to check whether sequences have common GO classifications

Note: Make sure that your result lists are comparable. There are a few catches:

• HHblits searches against the clustered Uniprot version. In the output the cluster representatives are listed together with the cluster members.
  • If you compare the representatives against a PSI-Blast result for big_80, you will get more hits for big_80.
  • If you compare the representatives plus the cluster members against big_80, you will get fewer hits for big_80.
  • Come up with a way to generate comparable results. (There is also a complete database "big" which you can use for searching -- reusing the profiles from your big_80 search. -- Think about why we don't ask you to start out with a search against big.)
• big_80 is generated with CD-HIT, which prefers long sequences over shorter ones. Hence the number of pdb hits in your big_80 search is going to be low. Likewise, the Uniprot database for hhblits does not contain pdb structures. So, if you want to do the quality check using COPS data, come up with a way to generate comparable results.

Multiple sequence alignments

For calculating multiple sequence alignments, create a dataset of 20 sequences from the database search. Ideally this dataset would include 5 sequences each from these ranges:

• 99 - 90% sequence identity
• 89 - 60% sequence identity
• 59 - 40% sequence identity
• 39 - 20% sequence identity

Ideally there should be at least one pdb-structure in each range. -- This will only be possible in rare cases!

But generate at least three groups of 10 sequences where

• one contains only sequences with low sequence identity (<40%)
• one contains only sequences with high sequence identity (>60%)
• one contains sequences covering the whole range of sequence identity.

The alignment methods to use on each of these groups are:

• ClustalW
• Muscle
• T-Coffee with
  • default parameters ("t_coffee your_sequences.fasta)
  • use of 3D-Coffee

Note: ClustalW should be on your path on the student machines, there is a version of T-Coffee on /mnt/opt/T-Coffee/bin/. If you include that in your path, you also have muscle.

Compare your alignments (qualitatively). Things to look for are:

• How many conserved columns?
• How many gaps?
• Are functionally important residues conserved?
• Are there gaps in secondary structure elements?
• Where do functionally important residues stand out most?

Points for discussion:

• Observe how the sequence identity in the groups of sequences influences the alignments.
• Do all methods cope with low similarity?
• Does the incorporation of structural information (3D Coffee) help?
• Overall, what would be your criteria for a good alignment?
• Based on your experience, which method would you like to use in the future?