Rs1800430

General Information

SNP-id	rs1800430
Codon	399
Mutation Codon	Asn -> Asp
Mutation Triplet	AAC -> GAC

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Sequence-based Mutation Analysis

Pysicochemical Properities

First of all, we explored the amino acid properties and compared them for the original and the mutated amino acid. Therefore we created the possible effect that the mutation could have on the protein.

Asn	Asp	consequences
polar, small, hydrophilic, negatively charged	polar, small, hydrophilic, negatively charged	Both amino acids have the same properities and therefore we suggest that an exchange of these two amino acids do not destroy the protein structure and function

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Visualisation of the Mutation

In the next step, we created the visualization of the muation with PyMol. Therefore we created a picture for the original amino acid, for the new mutated amino acid and finally for both together in one picture whereas the mutation is white colored. The following pictures display that the mutated amino acid Aspartic acid looks very different to Asparagine. They both agree in the first part of the rest but then go complety in opposite directions. Otherwise both rests fork at the end. All in all, the different directions prevail and will therefore probably cause big structural changes which will cause effects on the protein function.

picture original aa	picture mutated aa	combined picture
Amino acid Asparagine	Amino acid Aspartic acid	Picture which visualize the mutation

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Subsitution Matrices Values

Afterwards, we looked at the values of the substitution matrices PAM1, PAM250 and BLOSSUM62. Therefore we looked detailed at the three values: the value for accoding amino acid substitution, the most frequent value for the substitution of the examined amino acid and the rarest substitution.

In this case, the substitution of Asparagine to Aspartic acid has very high values that agree with the most frequent value for all three substitution matrices. Therefore, according to all matrices a mutation at this position will probably not cause structural changes which can affect functional changes.

PAM 1			Pam 250			BLOSOUM 62
value aa	most frequent substitution	rarest substitution	value aa	most frequent substitution	rarest substitution	value aa	most frequent substitution	rarest substitution
36	36 (Asp)	0 (Cys, Met)	7	7 (Asp)	2 (Cys, Leu, Phe, Trp)	1	1 (Asp, His, Ser)	-4 (Trp)

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PSSM Analysis

Besides, we looked additional at the position specific scoring matrix (PSSM) for ouer sequence. In contrast to PAM and BLOSOUM, the PSSM contains a specific substitution rate for each position in the sequence. Therefore, the PSSM is more position specific than PAM or BLOSOUM. We extracted the substitution value for the underlying mutation, the value for the most frequent substitution and the rarest substitution.

In this case the substitution rate for Asparagine to Aspartic acid at this position is in the middle between the value for the rarest substitution and the value for the most frequent substitution. Therefore, the value from PSSM is not realy significant and we are not able to determine effects on the protein.

PSSM
value aa	most frequent substitution	rarest substitution
0	2	-2

Conservation Analysis with Multiple Alignments

As a next step we created a multiple alignment which contains the HEXA sequence and 9 other mammalian homologous sequences from uniprot. Afterwards we looked at the position of the different mutations and looked at the conservation level on this position. The regarded mutation is presented by the first colored column. Here we can see, that almost all other mammalians have another amino acid or a gap on this position. Therefore, the mutation on this position is not highly conserved and a mutation there will cause probably no huge structural and functional changes for the protein.

Mutation in the multiple alignment

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Secondary Structure Mutation Analysis

As a next step we compared the different results of the secondary structure prediction tools JPred and PsiPred. Afterwards we can examine in which secondary structure element and where therein the mutation takes place. This can give an overview of how drastical the mutation can be. In this case the tools disagree. JPred predict at the position of the mutation a coil and PsiPred predicted there a alpha-helix. For JPred a mutation at this position would not destroy or split a secondary structure element. It will probably only changes the coil between two secondary structure elements, but this can sometimes also cause a change of the the following secondary structure. We think that a drastical change of the protein structure and its function is unlikly for the JPred prediction. For PsiPred a mutation at the beginning of the alpha helix could inhibit the formation if this alpha helix. Therefore, we think that a this mutation would probably cause a extreme change in the protein structure and function.

JPred:
...CCCCCCCEEEEEECCCCCCCCHHHHHHHHHCCCCEEECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC...
PsiPred:
...CCCCCCCCEEEEECCCCCCCHHHHHHHHHHCCCEEEECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC...

Comparison with the real Structure:

Afterwards we also visualize the position of the muation (red) in the real 3D-structure of PDB and compare it with the predicted secondary structure. The visualisation can therefore like above the predicted secondary structure display if the mutation is in a secondary structure element or in some other regions.

Here in this case the mutationposition disagree with the position of the predicted secondary structure from JPred, but agrees with the position from PsiPred. The visualization displays the mutation at the beginning of an alpha-helices. This means a mutation will probably cause structural changes combined with functional changes of the protein, because it can prevent the formation of this alpha-helix.

Mutation at position 399

Mutation at position 399 - detailed view

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SNAP Prediction

Next, we looked at the result of the SNAP prediction. For this prediction we took the amino acid of the certain position and checked every possible amino acid mutation. Afterwards we extract the result for Aspartic acid which is the real mutation in this case. SNAP has a result that the exhange from Asparagine to Aspartic acid at this position is neutral with an average accuracy of 60%. This means that this certain mutation on this position cause likely no structural and functional changes of the protein.

Substitution	Prediction	Reliability Index	Expected Accuracy
D	Neutral	1	60%

A detailed list of all possible substitutions can be found [here]

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SIFT Prediction

Next, we used SIFT Prediction which displays if a mutation is neutral or not. Therefore, it first shows a row which contains a score for the particular mutationposition to a certain amino acid. The amino acid which are not tolerated at this position are colored red. Besides, it also constructs a table which lists the amino acids that are predicted as tolerated and not-tolerated.

In this case, there are five substitutions that are not tolerated: Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, Cysteine and Methionine. The substitution to Aspartic acid is tolerated at this position. This means that this mutation at this position is probably neutral and will not cause any structural and function changes of the protein.

SIFT Matrix:
Each entry contains the score at a particular position (row) for an amino acid substitution (column). Substitutions predicted to be intolerant are highlighted in red.

SIFT Table
Threshold for intolerance is 0.05.
Amino acid color code: nonpolar, uncharged polar, basic, acidic.
Capital letters indicate amino acids appearing in the alignment, lower case letters result from prediction.

Predict Not Tolerated																				Position	Seq Rep	Predict Tolerated
															w	y	f	c	m	399N	0.72	i	H	v	l	g	P	t	R	D	E	Q	A	S	K	N

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PolyPhen2 Prediction

Finally, we also regarded the PolyPhen2 prediction for this muation. This prediction visualizes have strongly demaging the mutation probably will be. Therefore it gives the result for two possible cases: HumDiv and HumVar. HumDiv is a prefered model for evaluation rare allels, dense mapping of regions identified by genome-wide assiociation studies and analysis of neutral selection. In contrast, HumVar is a prefered model for diagnostic of Mendelian diseases which require distinguishing mutations with drastic effects from all remaining human variations including abundant mildly deleterious allels. We decided to look at both possible models, which are agrees in the most cases.

In this case both models predict that the mutation is benign. This means that the mutation is neutral and will probably not damage the structure and the function of the protein.