Difference between revisions of "Tay-Sachs Disease 2011"
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== Summary == |
== Summary == |
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| − | The Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a rare autosomal, recessive genetic disorder which is caused by accumulation of lipids in the brain. This leads to the cell death of those neurons. There exist three different variations of the TSD. The most common one is the Infantile Tay-Sachs disease which |
+ | The Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a rare autosomal, recessive genetic disorder which is caused by accumulation of lipids in the brain. This leads to the cell death of those neurons. There exist three different variations of the TSD. The most common one is the Infantile Tay-Sachs disease which results in death of the children under the age of 5. The two other variants are the Juvenile and Adult/Late Onset TSD, which are less aggressive. The disease causes a deterioration of mental and physical abilities. Sadly, there currently exists no treatment. |
== Phenotype == |
== Phenotype == |
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'''Juvenile and Adult TSD:''' |
'''Juvenile and Adult TSD:''' |
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| − | This forms of the Tay-Sachs disease occur later in lifetime. These two forms were not always recogniced as variants of the TSD. The |
+ | This forms of the Tay-Sachs disease occur later in lifetime. These two forms were not always recogniced as variants of the TSD. The symptoms of these forms are less aggressive. Often the patients become wheelchair users and have some psychiatric and physical limitation, which can be handled with drugs. |
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== Biochemical disease mechanism == |
== Biochemical disease mechanism == |
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| − | The affecting protein in the TSD is the Hexosaminidase, which is a heterodimer consisting of two subunits alpha (encoded by the gene HEXA) and beta (encoded by the gene HEXB). The alpha subunit |
+ | The affecting protein in the TSD is the Beta-Hexosaminidase, which is a heterodimer consisting of two subunits alpha (encoded by the gene HEXA) and beta (encoded by the gene HEXB). The alpha subunit processes the hydrolysis of the GM2 gangliosides (which are fatty acid derivatives) to the GM3 gangliosides (compare Figure 1 and Figure 2). This means the enzyme gradates the lipids in the brain and in other tissues. |
| − | If the enzyme is defect it results in the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides in the neurons, which |
+ | If the enzyme is defect it results in the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides in the neurons, which results the death of those cells. |
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| − | [[Image:hsa00604.png|frame|KEGG-Pathway Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis highlighting TSD associated enzyme Beta-Hexosaminidase A (http://www.genome.jp/tmp/mark_pathway130536834226114/hsa00604.png)]] |
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| + | {| class="centered" |
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| + | | [[Image:hsa00604.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: KEGG-Pathway Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis highlighting TSD associated enzyme Beta-Hexosaminidase A (http://www.genome.jp/tmp/mark_pathway130536834226114/hsa00604.png)]] |
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| + | | [[Image:hexa_pathway.png |thumb|Figure 2: Catalytic mechanism for Beta-Hexosaminidase A.. '''''Disclaimer:''' This file is redistributed from [M. Joanne Lemieux, Brian L. Mark, Maia M. Cherney, Stephen G. Withers, Don J. |
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| + | Mahuran3, and Michael N. G. James . Crystallographic Structure of Human β-Hexosaminidase A: |
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| + | Interpretation of Tay-Sachs Mutations and Loss of GM2 Ganglioside Hydrolysis. J Mol Biol. Author Manuscript 2010;] . All rights belong to the creator.'']] |
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| + | |} |
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<br style="clear: both" /> |
<br style="clear: both" /> |
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* [http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?hsa:3073 KEGG] |
* [http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?hsa:3073 KEGG] |
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEXA Wikipedia] |
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEXA Wikipedia] |
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| + | * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910082/?tool=pubmed PubMed] |
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== Mutations == |
== Mutations == |
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| − | Only mutations in the HEXA gene can |
+ | Only mutations in the HEXA gene can result in the TSD, whereas mutations in the HEXB gene result in other metabolic diseases. Mutations in the HEXA gene lead to amino acid substitutions in the Beta-Hexosamidase A protein (visualized in Figure 3), which leads to the TSD. |
| − | + | Today, there are more than 120 known mutations which cause the TSD disease. These mutations suppress the activity of the Beta-Hexosamidase A which causes the failure of the GM2 gangliosides degradation. Furthermore, this leads to the toxic accumulation of those lipids which results in the cell death of the involved neurons. |
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| − | + | The TSD is normally very rare, but there is a strong prevalence for it in the Eastern European Jewish, Cajun and French Canadian population. |
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Most of the mutations in HEXA lead to the TSD, because they delete the enzyme function completely, which cause the infantile form of TSD. There are other mutations, which only reduce the enzyme-activity and therefore, cause the Juvenile or Adult TSD. |
Most of the mutations in HEXA lead to the TSD, because they delete the enzyme function completely, which cause the infantile form of TSD. There are other mutations, which only reduce the enzyme-activity and therefore, cause the Juvenile or Adult TSD. |
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| − | [[Image:2gjx_bio_r_500.jpg|thumb|Beta-Hexosaminidase A (http://www.pdb.org/pdb/images/2gjx_bio_r_500.jpg)]] |
+ | [[Image:2gjx_bio_r_500.jpg|thumb|Figure 3: Beta-Hexosaminidase A (http://www.pdb.org/pdb/images/2gjx_bio_r_500.jpg)]] |
=== Reference sequence === |
=== Reference sequence === |
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=== Neutral mutations === |
=== Neutral mutations === |
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| + | * [http://i12r-studfilesrv.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/wiki/index.php/Mapping_SNPs_HEXA#Silent_Mutations Neutral mutations]. |
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| − | * [[example_sequence|Create one page per mutated sequence]]. |
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=== Disease causing mutations === |
=== Disease causing mutations === |
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| + | * [http://i12r-studfilesrv.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/wiki/index.php/Mapping_SNPs_HEXA#Mutations_annotated_in_both_databases Disease causing mutations]. |
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| − | * [[example_sequence|Create one page per mutated sequence]]. |
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| + | == Tasks == |
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| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | === Sequence Alignments === |
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| + | * [[Sequence Alignments HEXA|Sequence Alignments]] |
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| + | === Sequence-based predictions === |
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| + | *[[Sequence-based predictions HEXA|Sequence-based predictions]] |
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| + | === Homology Modelling === |
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| + | *[[homology-modelling HEXA | Homology Modelling]] |
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| + | |||
| + | === Mapping SNPs === |
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| + | |||
| + | * [[ Mapping SNPs HEXA | Mapping SNPs]] |
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| + | === Sequence-based mutation analysis === |
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| + | * [[Sequence-based mutation analysis HEXA | Sequence-based mutation analysis]] |
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| + | |||
| + | === Structure-based mutation analysis === |
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| + | * [[Structure-based mutation analysis HEXA | Structure-based mutation analysis]] |
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| + | === Molecular Dynamics Simulations === |
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| + | |||
| + | * [[Molecular Dynamics Simulations HEXA | Molecular Dynamics Simulations]] |
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| + | |||
| + | === Normal mode analysis === |
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| + | |||
| + | * [[Normal mode analysis HEXA | Normal mode analysis]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:20, 13 April 2012
Summary
The Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a rare autosomal, recessive genetic disorder which is caused by accumulation of lipids in the brain. This leads to the cell death of those neurons. There exist three different variations of the TSD. The most common one is the Infantile Tay-Sachs disease which results in death of the children under the age of 5. The two other variants are the Juvenile and Adult/Late Onset TSD, which are less aggressive. The disease causes a deterioration of mental and physical abilities. Sadly, there currently exists no treatment.
Phenotype
Infantile Tay-Sachs disease:
The most common and aggressive form of TSD is the infantile TSD, which has a wide range of different symptoms and leads to the early death of the affected children. The most common symptoms are:
- normal development in the first six month after birth
- "cherry-red" macula
- paralysis
- dementia
- blindness
- deafness
- muscle atrophy
- startle response to sound stimuli
- inability to coordinate muscle movement (child can't roll over and sit)
- death in the second or third year
Juvenile and Adult TSD:
This forms of the Tay-Sachs disease occur later in lifetime. These two forms were not always recogniced as variants of the TSD. The symptoms of these forms are less aggressive. Often the patients become wheelchair users and have some psychiatric and physical limitation, which can be handled with drugs.
Cross-references
See also description of this disease in
Biochemical disease mechanism
The affecting protein in the TSD is the Beta-Hexosaminidase, which is a heterodimer consisting of two subunits alpha (encoded by the gene HEXA) and beta (encoded by the gene HEXB). The alpha subunit processes the hydrolysis of the GM2 gangliosides (which are fatty acid derivatives) to the GM3 gangliosides (compare Figure 1 and Figure 2). This means the enzyme gradates the lipids in the brain and in other tissues. If the enzyme is defect it results in the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides in the neurons, which results the death of those cells.
 Figure 1: KEGG-Pathway Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis highlighting TSD associated enzyme Beta-Hexosaminidase A (http://www.genome.jp/tmp/mark_pathway130536834226114/hsa00604.png) |
 Figure 2: Catalytic mechanism for Beta-Hexosaminidase A.. Disclaimer: This file is redistributed from [M. Joanne Lemieux, Brian L. Mark, Maia M. Cherney, Stephen G. Withers, Don J. Mahuran3, and Michael N. G. James . Crystallographic Structure of Human β-Hexosaminidase A: Interpretation of Tay-Sachs Mutations and Loss of GM2 Ganglioside Hydrolysis. J Mol Biol. Author Manuscript 2010;] . All rights belong to the creator. |
Cross-references
Mutations
Only mutations in the HEXA gene can result in the TSD, whereas mutations in the HEXB gene result in other metabolic diseases. Mutations in the HEXA gene lead to amino acid substitutions in the Beta-Hexosamidase A protein (visualized in Figure 3), which leads to the TSD. Today, there are more than 120 known mutations which cause the TSD disease. These mutations suppress the activity of the Beta-Hexosamidase A which causes the failure of the GM2 gangliosides degradation. Furthermore, this leads to the toxic accumulation of those lipids which results in the cell death of the involved neurons. The TSD is normally very rare, but there is a strong prevalence for it in the Eastern European Jewish, Cajun and French Canadian population. Most of the mutations in HEXA lead to the TSD, because they delete the enzyme function completely, which cause the infantile form of TSD. There are other mutations, which only reduce the enzyme-activity and therefore, cause the Juvenile or Adult TSD.
